Overview
The proposition sounds a little dubious: Leave some vegetables in a jar on your counter. Just leave them there. For weeks. Then eat them. It’s perfectly safe, say the pickling enthusiasts. They’re great for you. You’ll love them! they say.
Not convinced? Science is here to explain why fermenting vegetables is not only perfectly safe but also surprisingly easy and rewarding. Spoiler: Microbes do most of the work.
In our hyper-Pasteurian, expiration date-driven era, it might be difficult to relinquish control over our food to these mysterious forces. But a small measure of understanding yields rich rewards: crisp classic sauerkraut, warmly tart beets, bright preserved lemons and just about anything else you can dream up.
[You don’t need a lot of time to make — and then eat — great pickles]
These classically preserved foods and so many others — from kimchi to kombucha — have been expanding their footprint on cooler shelves in supermarkets and even on some restaurant menus. In part, we have to thank for this the proliferation of new research on gut health and the outsize role beneficial microbes (which are bountiful in fermented foods) play in helping our gut, immune and overall health.
As the probiotic-driven food trend has accelerated, many chefs and consumers have also rediscovered a new world of flavor and texture that has long been missing from U.S. tables. We might have a sepia-style image of sauerkraut fermenting in large wooden barrels in Northeastern Europe. Or a vague notion of preserved lemons pepping up a warm Middle Eastern grain salad. But this style of food preparation can incorporate just about any produce you might find at the market — or languishing in your crisper drawer — and unexpected seasonings, such as spiced fermented beets.
[Make the recipe: Preserved Lemons]
Many of us grew up with shelf-stable pickles and krauts, which stay that way through a combination of vinegar and pasteurization. These two processes are ruthlessly effective in killing off harmful microbes. But they also zap the helpful ones.
Spiced Fermented Beets.
Produce is naturally covered in microbes. For thousands of years, people have relied upon these unseen life-forms that to create myriad delicious, nuanced non-vinegar ferments, often called “wild ferments.”
[Make the recipe: Spiced Fermented Beets]
The process is quite simple: Salt, submerge, wait. And eat.
Why does this method work so reliably? Salt kills harmful microbes and encourages beneficial ones, such as those that produce lactic acid, which are similar to many found in the gut microbiome. Similarly, submerging the produce in liquid (whether added or extracted from the food itself) protects it from the less-desirables.
And, the process offers further safety measures. As fermentation gets underway, the ascendant bacteria begin to alter the overall environment. They consume some of the carbohydrates from the produce, creating carbon dioxide (which appears as bubbles) and, more important for our purposes, lactic acid (which lowers the pH).
“The process is self-protecting,” explains fermentation expert Sandor Katz, who is the author of The Art of Fermentation, among other books about the craft.
“Statistically, fermentation makes vegetables safer than they are raw,” he says.
“It’s pretty bomb-proof,” agrees Mara King, co-founder of the fermented food company Ozuké. “As soon as you achieve something that is pretty sour, it is safe.”
Food regulations deem fermented food safe at or below a pH of 4.6. For comparison, a lemon has a pH of 2 to 3. If you are skeptical about ballparking the sourness with a lemon-taste test, King suggests purchasing inexpensive paper pH test strips (remember those from high school chemistry class?) or investing in a pH meter.
As hands-off as the process seems, there are ways we can steer the bacteria to do their best work.
One method is through temperature. A warmer environment will encourage more bacteria to thrive more rapidly and will result in a faster ferment. A cooler environment will have the opposite effect (which is why we hold “finished” ferments in the fridge for longer-term keeping).
Generally, 65 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit is an effective range for most vegetable ferments. We can also nudge the fermentation duration forward or backward with salt concentration — less salt for a faster ferment; more salt for a slower one.
Time is the final and most powerful variable. Over time, the flavor and texture of the produce shift toward the acidic and soft, respectively. Which is why Katz recommends “tasting at intervals.”
Tasting also provides a reminder to keep tabs on ferments.
Although the microbes might be doing most of the work, it is important to ensure ferments remains submerged. An exposed piece of produce is inviting real estate for yeast and mold that need air to flourish.
But fear not if your ferments gain a bit of a surface growth — most frequently kahm yeast or a fuzzy mold. It’s fine. Really.
“Remove it as best you can, and don’t worry if some dissipates into your brine,” Katz says. The salt and acidity will protect the rest of the ferment. (Watch for a bright, colorful mold. That could be hazardous. But in the decades of his work and travels, Katz has never seen a dangerous mold on fermenting vegetables.)
Despite what our 21st century instincts might say, in the compendium of food preparation methods, lactic-acid fermentation is among the most forgiving. It’s also healthful — and enthralling.
“I love the alchemical magic of the process,” Katz says. And the science, too.
Classic Sauerkraut
Versatile sauerkraut is easy to make and can stand as a condiment, snack or a side dish. Served as a hot dog topping, warmed alongside sausages or eaten out of a jar, this cabbage packs a delicious, fermented punch. While this recipe calls for caraway seeds, you can opt for other seasonings to flavor your kraut, such as dill or juniper berries.
Make Ahead: The sauerkraut needs to be made at least 2 weeks ahead of when you plan on eating it.
Storage Notes: The sauerkraut can be stored, covered and refrigerated for up to 6 months.
Scale and get a printer-friendly version of the recipe here.
Ingredients
1 small head green cabbage (about 2 1/2 pounds), wilted or damaged leaves discarded
1 tablespoon kosher salt, or more as needed
1/2 teaspoon caraway seeds
Steps
Step 1
Using a chef’s knife, cut the cabbage into quarters. Cut away the core from each quarter and discard. Place a cabbage quarter on the cutting board, flat-side down and slice across into 1/4-inch strips. Repeat with the remaining wedges. Place the shredded cabbage in a large bowl and sprinkle with the salt.
Step 2
Using your fingers, massage the cabbage forcefully for 5 to 10 minutes until it sheds enough liquid to submerge all pieces. Take a break every few minutes as needed; the salt will keep working while you rest. (If, after about 10 minutes you still don’t have enough liquid to submerge the cabbage, mix 1 teaspoon of salt per 1 cup of water and add as needed.)
Step 3
Add the caraway seeds and, using your hands, mix into the cabbage until combined.
Step 4
Pack the cabbage into a 6-cup clean, wide-mouth jar or crock.
Using a stone or water-filled plastic bag, weigh the cabbage down so it is submerged in the brine. Cover with a lid, cheesecloth or an airlock fermenting lid (which allows building gases to escape without allowing new air — and microbes — in). If using a plain lid, be sure to “burp” the jar regularly — ideally before you notice it bulging at all — to release gas. Alternately, you can cover with cheesecloth.
Step 5
Place in a moderately cool location. A temperature range of 65 to 70 degrees will yield sauerkraut within 2 to 3 weeks.
Taste weekly to determine when the sauerkraut meets your preferred taste and texture. Some people prefer their kraut crunchy and light, while others enjoy a softer, more sour kraut that has been fermenting longer.
Store in a sealed jar in the refrigerator for up to 6 months. The sauerkraut will continue to slowly ferment over time. It will maintain its texture best when submerged in the brine.
Harmon Courage is the author of “Cultured: How Ancient Foods Can Feed Our Microbiome” (Avery/Penguin Random House). Follow her on Twitter at @KHCourage, on Instagram at @KatherineCourage or at katherinecourage.com.
Recipe by Katherine Harmon Courage. Tested by Ann Maloney and Olga Massov; email questions to voraciously@washpost.com.
Scale and get a printer-friendly version of the recipe here.
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Nutrition
Calories: 0; Total Fat: 0 g; Saturated Fat: 0 g; Cholesterol: 0 mg; Sodium: 150 mg; Carbohydrates: 3 g; Dietary Fiber: 1 g; Sugars: 2 g; Protein: 0 g.