New evidence shows that many makeup products that have passed their expiry date, as well as many beauty tools — particularly makeup sponges — that people do not periodically clean, harbor potentially harmful bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Millions of people around the world use makeup to enhance their features and express their personality.
According to recent data, as of May 2017, 31% of people aged 18–29 years, 41% of people aged 30–59 years, and 35% of individuals aged 60 years and over wear makeup on a daily basis in the United States.
However, applying makeup in bathrooms, public toilets, and on car, train, and plane journeys gives makeup products and associated beauty tools plenty of opportunities to gather potentially harmful bacteria.
All makeup products have a “shelf life,” which refers to the period during which they are typically safe to use. The duration of this period varies from product to product, and improper use of makeup — such as rubbing eyeshadow with unclean fingers — can affect it, too.
Many companies use a symbol (an opened makeup jar) and a number — representing a number of months — on the packaging to indicate how long these products are safe to use for after a person has opened them.
European Union regulations enforce the rule that all makeup products on sale in E.U. countries should feature this shelf life information, which they call “period of time after opening,” on the packaging. However, the same is not true for the U.S.
According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), “[t]here are
Additionally, many makeup users also own special tools, such as brushes and sponges, to apply their products. These tools, too, can easily pick up harmful bacteria, but many users still neglect to clean them as frequently as they should.
Now, a new study from the School of Life and Health Sciences at Aston University in Birmingham, United Kingdom, adds to the existing evidence that makeup products and cosmetic applicators harbor dangerous bacteria.
In their study — the findings of which appear in the Journal of Applied Microbiology — Amreen Bashir, Ph.D., and Prof. Peter Lambert analyzed samples from 467 beauty products that U.K. users had donated. These products included: 96 lipsticks, 92 eyeliners, 93 mascaras, 107 lip glosses, and 79 beauty blenders (makeup sponges that people use to apply foundation or concealer).
The researchers’ tests revealed that about 70–90% of all these products were contaminated with bacteria and that beauty blenders were the worst offenders.
Predominantly, the investigators found S. aureus, E. coli, and Citrobacter freundii — which are bacteria associated with skin infections, food poisoning, and urinary tract infections (UTIs), respectively.
“[T]he majority of contaminants [were] found to be staphylococci/micrococci. Enterobacteriaceae were also detected in all product types, with particularly high prevalence in the beauty blenders (26.58%),” the researchers write in their study paper.
Beauty blenders also had the highest rate of contamination with fungi, at 56.96%. The investigators believe that this is because people must first moisten these sponges to be able to apply makeup with them. Moist surfaces, the study authors explain, provide fertile breeding grounds for fungi.
Some of the highest loads of bacterial contaminants — particularly Enterobacteriaceae — were also present in lip glosses, with lipsticks demonstrating the lowest rate of contamination.
According to self-reported information from the people who had sent these products to Bashir and Prof. Lambert for their research, only 6.4% of beauty products had ever received a cleaning. None of the submitted mascara wands had ever undergone cleaning.
Also, according to the self-reported data, people typically applied as many as 27.3% of the beauty products — and particularly eyeliner — in bathrooms, which can lead to contamination with fecal matter.
Concerningly, it also turned out that people had dropped 28.7% of the products on the floor, which can teem with bacteria. Of the beauty blender samples, people had handled or stored 35.6% of them in bathrooms and dropped as many as 64.4% of them on the floor.
The researchers warn that these findings may spell trouble, particularly for immunocompromised individuals who are more prone to infection.
“Consumers’ poor hygiene practices when it comes to using makeup, especially beauty blenders, is very worrying when you consider that we found bacteria such as E. coli — which is linked with fecal contamination — breeding on the products we tested.”
Amreen Bashir, Ph.D.
“More needs to be done to help educate consumers and the makeup industry as a whole about the need to wash beauty blenders regularly and dry them thoroughly, as well as the risks of using makeup beyond its expiry date,” emphasizes Bashir.